The terns are now not commonly seen. DeepV, that's good info re: being able to rent an EPIRB. For rounded islands, the longest possible distance between opposite shores was used. It can tolerate a wide range of water salinity. Its lowest point is about 80 feet (25 m) below sea level. Harbor seals and gray seals can be found among the rocks off Stonington and Groton at the eastern end. Rodents include the white-footed mouse, the meadow vole (probably the most abundant coastal mammal) and the meadow jumping mouse. ], Broadwater Energy LLC, a joint venture between the Shell Oil Company and TransCanada Corporation, has proposed building a floating liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminal 11 miles (18 km) from the Connecticut shore and 9 miles (14 km) from Long Island. It probably had been formed by stream flows. [citation needed]. Dumping the sediment in the Sound is considerably less expensive than other options, according to Connecticut harbor officials and state and federal environmental officials. Sea level at that time was about 330 feet (100 m) lower than today. Plants found near the border of the marsh with the upland include bayberry and groundsel-tree shrubs, switchgrass (growing where occasional storm tides reach), reeds and marsh elder. Violators may be charged with a state misdemeanor and face $250 fines, or a federal civil penalty, with fines of up to $2,000. if i make it at all. Sandy plains and beaches resulted from the erosion of moraines and redeposition in these areas, and to the east of each, where the drift cover is thinnest, exposed bedrock creates rocky headlands, often with marshlands behind them. A short form of salt water cordgrass can sometimes be found in the depressions (pannes) in the higher areas where salt water collects and evaporates, leaving water even higher in salinity than seawater.[5]. Fishers Island, New York appears to be related to the Harbor Hill Moraine. These moraines, created by much smaller deposits (probably from equilibrium states that were much shorter in time) are discontinuous and much smaller than those to the south. A 22-year-old Danbury man has died after the kayak he and his wife were in capsized in Long Island Sound in Stamford Sunday afternoon. Results point to significant nitrogen reductions in Long Island Sound, and significant cost savings. Rare species found on the landward side are beach knotweed and sand false heather. The report gives a "fair" rating to water quality in the sound and poor marks to fish, bottom-feeders and sediment. Mike and … The ban of netting of bunker - which were over-fished in the late 1990s - has significantly improved the quality and volume of the striped bass population in Long Island Sound. I have never boated on big water, or even camped on the boat, this is an adventure. To calculate travel times and distances between destinations that are not listed below, use the Road Distance Database provided by the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. Enjoying the scenery on a sail across the Long Island Sound or drive all the way around, hop on I-95 and sit in traffic. (click on chart to expand) At its widest the island is approximately 20 miles from north to south. [5], In the marshy areas of the intertidal zone can be found Cladophora (mermaid's hair), Ulva (sea lettuce) and Codium. On beaches and sandy areas there are Fowler's toads (which are also found inland but find sandy areas preferable), the American toad, and the hognose snake (which feeds on Fowler's toads). it's length is about 110 miles Some politicians from both states, such as New York Senator Chuck Schumer, are fiercely opposed to the terminal, claiming that alternative energy sources and conservation should be pursued instead of adding new distribution lines and supply sources. Animals along the Sound are most concentrated in the salt marshes. After its popularity as food declined, the terrapin population started recovering. Fishes" section, pp 36-39, "Long Island Sound: An Atlas of Natural Resources", booklet "Prepared under the supervision of the Coastal Area Management Program" of the "Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection", November 1977, "8. I do have a register gps/dsc radio, and all the safety gear on board, now Im looking to line up some fellow boater to make the trip with me. [26] To continue improving the quality of Long Island Sound, both ongoing challenges and adapting to new conditions due to climate change need to be addressed. During the succeeding decades, areas along the Connecticut coast saw a slow gradual recovery of eelgrass populations. Park Central Hotel New York. "bunker") fish which are a mainstay of striped bass and other pelagic fish. You are heading toward New York, and these are active waters; locals long ago dubbed the bay “Exit 1 on Long Island Sound.” Three area yacht clubs — Manhasset Bay, North Shore and Port Washington — keep yachts racing year-round (frostb… it is a SUN RUNNER. After Hurricane Belle, leaves near the coast were badly salt-burned, then turned brown and shriveled. Long Island is an island stretching eastward from New York City in the Metro New York region. Achieving this goal has resulted in 108,000 fewer pounds of nitrogen were discharged into the Sound every day. However, no crossing has been built since the Throgs Neck Bridge in the early 1960s. Two species of shrews, the masked shrew and the American short-tailed shrew, are common in salt marshes. He lost his 20 something Cuddy on the way back, C.G.pulled him and his Pax off and let the boat go. Summers are hot and humid often with convective showers and strong sunshine, while the cooler months feature cold temperatures and a mix of rain and occasional snow. Feasibility studies for both bridges and tunnels have been … Although several shark species likely infrequently wander in and out of the Sound, e.g. Starting in the 1990s, Connecticut and federal United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) officials defined no-dumping areas in which commercial or recreational boat users were prohibited from releasing untreated sewage into the Sound near the coastline. 18.A Long Harbour, Saltspring Island: Subarea: 18-3 Map: Closure 18.A: Long Harbour, Saltspring Island. Pages 345â352 in P.M. Jacobson. My destination is Three Mile Harbor, East Hampton, NY, Iboats forum is having a raft up on the last week end of august. I asked if he had checked the weather because I knew the forecast called stong T storms the next day. In areas next to the shoreline but hardly ever salty, the sound's environment can nevertheless be a crucial factor in the presence of certain species. Much of this, enriched by decomposition, is flushed yearly into the estuary water where it directly contributes to the great finfish and shellfish production of the sound. Rare, endangered and extinct species of the Sound include the eastern spadefoot, a rare, toadlike amphibian that hasn't been recorded in the area since 1935. To the extreme southwest, it is separated from Staten Island and the state of New Jersey by Upper New York Bay, the Narrows, and Lower New York Bay. [5], The Sound is inhabited by both marine fish and anadromous fish (oceanic or estuarine species that spawn in freshwater streams and rivers, see fish migration). Areas near the Connecticut shore are the northern limit for some species needing the warmer environment provided by proximity to the Sound (which has a longer growing season than inland Connecticut and winters that are less harsh). It grows on muddy to sandy sediments (even among rocks), mostly below low tide, often forming large meadows. Ways to Experience Cross Sound … The first five locks at the eastern end of the Erie Canal rise the highest in the shortest distance of any in the world: 150 feet in three miles. [citation needed], Underwater cables transmit electricity under Long Island Sound, most notably a new and controversial[citation needed] Cross Sound Cable that runs from New Haven in western Connecticut, to Shoreham in central Long Island, and an older one from Rye in Westchester County to Oyster Bay on Long Island. Check the weather forecast carefully. In 1975, a finback whale beached itself in Groton. Later, another period of equilibrium resulted in the Harbor Hill Moraine along most of northern Long Island. As a result, most of the eelgrass that grew in the sound was killed off, and as an extension, populations of wildlife in the area that depended upon the eelgrass either as food or as a habitat went into a sharp decline. Eelgrass is also an important food source for waterfowl, especially brant, a type of goose. Local Connecticut politicians have little influence since the terminal would be located entirely within waters that are part of New York State (although Connecticut senators and representatives may be able to stop the platform at the federal level). While Long Island geographically includes Brooklyn and Queens, politically Long Island … [18] Other pollutants include pathogens, debris, and nutrients (which contain nitrogen and phosphorus from fertilizer runoff). Numerous rivers empty into the Sound, including: The whole watershed population is about 8.93 million as of the 2010 Census. Eelgrass - sometimes known as "Saltwater Eelgrass" in order to distinguish it from Freshwater Eelgrass, which is a different species (Vallisneria americana) - is typically found in protected bays, coves, and other areas of brackish water, but it also persists along areas of exposed shoreline along Long Island's north shore near Orient. Out here it is July or August and early in the morning as the wind picks up about 10 or 11. [5], In tidal pools can be found red or pink colored Phymatolithon, which can often encrust rocks and mollusk shells. The shortest one-way distance is about 8 nautical miles, from Point Judith, Rhode Island. Long Island Sound, an estuary 110 miles long and up to 21 miles wide, separates Connecticut to the north and New York's Long Island to the south. This unique race is for everyone. Post #1 of 9 (5138 views) Just curious - I noticed recently that the Long Island Sound (where I grew up) is about 4-5 miles across to parts of Connecticut in the narrowest areas of Nassau County. When diatoms are less productive, they are replaced by other phytoplankton such as dinoflagellates or blue-green algae, which grow well in waters with high nitrogen levels, but do not need silica. While shortnose sturgeon primarily remain in their natal rivers, they will feed in estuarine waters like Long Island Sound and make extended trips along the Atlantic Coast, tagged individuals sometime being identified in multiple rivers during their lifetimes. , very nice staff but old outdated bathroo.and small dark room, way too expensive for what you get.. leaving early so didn.t have breakfast ” 2020. [13] The sound was known as The Devil's Belt in colonial times[14] and the reefs that run across the sound were known as Devil's Stepping Stones, from which Stepping Stones Lighthouse got its name. Love it! Grinnellia appears in August and disappears four to six weeks later. During the 1930s, the Long Island Sound was struck by an outbreak of a mold infection known as "eelgrass wasting disease". [3], Due to the large chunk of New England being under the watershed, due to the Connecticut River, many riverside cities/towns are covered in the watershed, here is a list of some of the large towns and cities in the watershed from south to north, west to east:[4], Seaweeds in the Sound occur in greatest abundance in rocky areas between high tide and low tide as well as on rocks on the sea floor. the primary target for water remediation tactics in Long Island Sound have been nutrients discharged by sewage treatment plants and in surface runoff. A relatively thick cover of sand and gravel (termed outwash) was left in the basin from glacial meltwater streams. [10], The sand shrimp Crangon septemspinosa and two species of grass shrimp are plentiful along the shore, especially in late summer and fall. [citation needed], Long Island Sound sustains significant populations of fish and nurseries. Anadromous fishes include striped bass, white perch, alewives, blueback herring, and American and hickory shad. This biological function has been threatened by both terrestrial and chemical alterations resulting from urbanization of the area. This also means that the legal coastline of the United States incorporates the southern shore of Long Island, but not the alternative that would have been to consider the coastline to follow additionally the southern shores of Connecticut, and the eastern shores of Westchester County, The Bronx, and Manhattan. Raccoons and red foxes who live in areas near the marshes will hunt in them. Between Long Island and Staten Island is the tidal strait called the Narrows. 7,281 reviews. These are the sand tiger shark, the sandbar shark, the spiny dogfish and the smooth dogfish. Kelp can often be found washed up on the beach, and individual specimens are not uncommonly a yard or two long. Is that common knowledge? Other beach plants are orache, beach clotbur, seaside spurge, and jimson weed. Other islands, including the Thimble Islands, are for the most part exposed bedrock with a thin amount of drift, often not continuous. We estimated wave heights reaching 3 to 4 feet during our paddle. [17] A tunnel under the sound, as between Rye and Oyster Bay has also been proposed, to carry both freeway lanes and railroads. Glacial meltwater formed "Lake Connecticut", a freshwater lake in the basin, until about 8,000 years ago, when the sea level rose to about 80 feet (25 m) below today's level. Blank Slate Media is the publisher of 6 award-winning weekly newspapers on the North Shore of Nassau County, Long Island, and its website The Island Now. Overhunting made the species uncommon and even rare through most of the Sound and completely eliminated at some places. [25], Nitrogen pollution in the Sound has been declining in the 21st century. Seawater then overflowed into the basin, transforming it from a nontidal, freshwater lake to a tidal, saline arm of the sea.[2]. Upland species include the hooded warbler, white-eyed vireo, eastern meadowlark and Carolina wren. I'm retired military so I can use the marina at New London sub base and lodging cheap. The climate of Long Island Sound is warm temperate or Cfa in the Köppen climate classification. Ferries provide service between Long Island and Connecticut, notably the Bridgeport & Port Jefferson Ferry (between Port Jefferson and Bridgeport), and the Cross Sound Ferry (between Orient Point and New London). The terminal would regasify LNG offloaded from ships, and this gas would flow through pipelines under the sound to New York and Connecticut. Sea rocket and dune grass occur here, but not in abundance. This results in more sunlight reaching the forest floor, encouraging a jungle-like tangle of vines and shrubs, including the vines catbriar, poison ivy, bramble and bittersweet, and the shrubs blueberry, huckleberry, viburnum and hazelnut. He said he was O.K. The leaves, that can range in size from less than 1 m to 2 m long, slow currents, providing calm environments for many species of mollusks and other invertebrates. By 2007, $617 million had been spent in upgrading sewage treatment plants, with 39 out of 104 retrofitted with devices to remove nitrogen. 17 Km - 1200 Route 25A, Stony Brook More tourist attractions in Ridge Check your tyre pressure at least once a month and particularly before a high-speed journey. [5], Along with the moderate climate, rare coastline storms can have an important impact on observable vegetation patterns. The TMDL implements innovative strategies, including a nitrogen credit trading program for sewage treatment plants in Connecticut, and bubble permits for sewage treatment plants in New York. Others (less abundant) include gadwalls, northern pintails, green-winged teal, northern shovelers (also sometimes called broadbill), ruddy ducks, redheads, ring-necked ducks, snow geese, and brant.[12]. It is one of the largest counties in New York State. The goal was to reduce the amount of nitrogen entering the Sound by 58.5 percent as of 2014. Possibly go with another boat who's captain is experienced. The classification of juridical bay means that the states, and not the federal government, have jurisdiction over the Long Island Sound waters. Pollutants entering the Sound include toxic substances such as heavy metals; a specific example includes mercury discharged by the hatting industry in Danbury, Connecticut. Along the sound, they produce three to seven tons per acre per year of vegetation, largely in the form of salt marsh grasses. [Note: The distance between cities in British Columbia (Canada) distance chart below is straight line distance (may be called as flying or air distance… [20] To date[when?] Scientists debate whether submarine power cables are safe for underwater lifeforms. [citation needed][original research? Suffolk County spreads across approximately 1,000 square miles --- two-thirds of Long Island--- and measures 86 miles long and 26 miles at its greatest width. Coastal migrants (also called "transients") include shorebirds such as plovers, turnstones, sandpipers, willet and yellowlegs. New York City initially barred the shipments from Brookhaven through the city in 1976. [10], Most animal species on the Connecticut side of the Sound also occur inland, but some are much more abundant along the shore. most of the time, though, it's only 1 or 2 foot waves. the l.i. [2], The continental ice sheet scraped off an average of 65 feet (20 m) of surface material from the New England landscape, then deposited the material (known as drift) from the Connecticut coast into the Sound, creating what is now Long Island (the terminal moraine). [8], The most common marine fish in the Sound include porgy, butterfish, winter flounder, summer flounder, windowpane flounder, fourspot flounder, northern and striped sea robin, little skate, menhaden, Atlantic silversides, black seabass, blackfish (tautog), cunner, bluefish, and smooth dogfish. Despite its name, it is actually not a species of underwater grass; instead, it is a plant that bears a physical resemblance to grass. The Around Long Island Regatta, first run in 1977, covers a 205 nautical mile course combining Ocean, Harbor and Sound racing. [22] Such changes in the base of the food chain leads to consequences such as an increase in abundance of jellyfish and decline in shellfish and other fish. [15], Long Island Sound has historically had rich recreational and commercial fishing, including oysters, lobsters, scallops, blue crabs, tuna flounder, striped bass, and bluefish. In West Haven, Connecticut 8,000 scaup (also called broadbills or bluebills) were regularly counted in the 1970s. I met another boater from Trailerboats.com once and directed him to a nice ramp in R.I. when he wanted to go on a trip to Block Island. [2], The Captain Islands off Greenwich, Connecticut, along with the Norwalk Islands and Falkner Island off Guilford, Connecticut are parts of a recessional moraine. Development resulting from population increases, past industrial pollution and stormwater runoff all contribute to the poor quality of the water, according to the report. Eelgrass is one of the few vascular plants found in the marine environment. A dumping site near Stamford, Connecticut and another near New Haven, Connecticut were expected to remain open. Other shoals and islands off the Connecticut coast are a mixture of these two extremes. “ Perfect location center of manhattan across the street from penn station. To the east lie Block Island … This review is the subjective opinion of a TripAdvisor member and not of TripAdvisor LLC. The Long Island Sound link is a proposed bridge or tunnel that would link Long Island, New York, to Westchester County or Connecticut, across Long Island Sound east of the Throgs Neck Bridge. The proposal met staunch opposition by residents of New York and Connecticut, and environmentalists. I used to do it in my 19' Bowrider. however, there is always lots of wake action from passing boats as the wakes don't have very far to go. The impacts listed here are directly associated with these specific species in Long Island Sound: killifishes, silversides, bay anchovy, eels, menhaden, cunner, tautog, sticklebacks, winter flounder, weakfish, bluefish, tomcod and striped bass.[21]. Both the longestand the largest island in the contiguous United States, Long Island extends 118 miles (190 km) eastward from New York Harbor to Montauk Point, with a maximum north-to-south distance of 23 miles (37 km) between Long Island Sound and the Atlantic coast.With a land area of 1,401 square miles (3,630 km2), Long Island is the 11th-largest island … The Connecticut coast moraines are in two groups: the Norwalk area and the Madison-Old Saybrook area. [29] The case involved a jurisdictional dispute among New York State, Rhode Island, and The United States. And you can't know too much about the waters before you go. If you travel with an airplane (which has average speed of 560 miles) from Long Island to Connecticut, It takes 2.28 hours to arrive. Salt meadow cordgrass (Spartina patens) and spikegrass (Distichlis spicata) grow in areas less frequently inundated by saltwater, typically closer to dry land. For bent or crooked islands, like Whidbey, length was calculated by drawing a bent line along the island's main axis from end to end. These include sweetgum (only found in Connecticut in the extreme southwestern area of the state), the American holly, post oak and persimmon, which only exist in Connecticut along the shore. [2], The Long Island Sound basin existed before the glaciers came. About 3,300 feet (1,000 m) thick in its interior and about 1,300 to 1,600 feet (400 to 500 m) thick along its southern edge, it was the most recent of a series of glaciations that covered the area during the past 10 million years. In the Sound there are the green crab (a non-native species first reported in Boston around 1900, but a common crab found on the shore, where it feeds on eastern oysters and soft-shell clams), blue crab, red crab, Jonah crab in deepwater areas, and the Atlantic rock crab, which settles in large numbers along rocky shores, especially around Millstone Point, Niantic Bay and Fishers Island Sound. I cross the Sound all the time with my 21' Cuddy., Ct river to Greenport. [5], Mature upland vegetation along the Connecticut coast is mostly hardwood forest, with dominant tree species including oaks and hickories, especially white oak, black oak, pignut hickory and mockernut hickory. [12], Winter residents include large flocks of ducks, geese, and swans winter in the Sound. sound can be anywhere from dead flat calm to 4 footers. and I live easy commute on 84 to there or I can just tow out to the island thru the city. Long Island Sound is sandwiched between Long Island to the South and NY/CT to the North, and these two sides are very diverse both topographically and culturally. About 18,000 years ago, Connecticut, Long Island Sound, and much of Long Island were covered by a thick sheet of ice, part of the Late Wisconsin Glacier. Avg. 1992. [29], Coordinates: 41°05â²48â³N 72°52â²52â³W / 41.09667°N 72.88111°W / 41.09667; -72.88111, A tidal estuary on the east coast of the United States, "Long Island Sound: An Atlas of Natural Resources", booklet"Prepared under the supervision of the Coastal Area Management Program" of the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, November 1977, "1. [19] By 1994, a plan to reduce nitrogen outputs of effluent into the Sound was agreed upon by the federal government and the states of New York and Connecticut. In 2007, the U.S. EPA and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers began a five- to seven-year, $16 million study on more environmentally friendly ways to dredge harbors in the Sound. Many species have declined rapidly since 1975 due to over fishing. I was never aware of that option. In early 2006, the city agreed to lower nitrogen outputs and was given until 2017 to meet its reduction goals. [24], According to the EPA National Estuary Program Coastal Protection Report for June 2007, the western part of the Sound was in the worst condition. Over the last several decades, excess nitrogen may have adversely affected diatomsâmicroscopic, single-celled algae at the base of the food chain, which make shells ('frustules') of opaline silica. In 2015 the Long Island Sound Study concluded that the Sound is cleaner and healthier than it has been, but still impaired from pollution and habitat loss. Mansions and wealthy neighborhoods characterize a good portion of the coast of the sound from Port Jefferson and east on Long Island; and from Pelham Manor and New Rochelle (on the mainland of New York) to Madison in Connecticut. most of the time, though, it's only 1 or 2 foot waves. Vegetation" section, pp 17-21, "Long Island Sound: An Atlas of Natural Resources", booklet"Prepared under the supervision of the Coastal Area Management Program" of the "Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection", November 1977, "10. [18][19], Hypoxia and eutrophication (low oxygen level resulting conditions) are direct environmental impacts on the Sound that are exacerbated by higher temperatures, stratified water columns (when the water is not well mixed vertically) and excess nutrients. At 6 am on Saturday, all swimmers boarded the good ship "Joanie", a 25' fishing boat, which was piloted by Captain James with First Mate … Nova Scotia (Canada) Distance Chart (Distance Table): For your quick reference, below is a Distance Chart or Distance Table of distances between some of the major cities in Nova Scotia (Canada). Across the Block Island Sound to the northeast is the state of Rhode Island. [citation needed], The Long Island Sound ecosystem has historically been polluted by a number of different sources, including industry, agriculture and communities (untreated sewage and urban runoff). As many as 1,500 shortnose sturgeon, listed as 'endangered' by the Endangered Species Act, inhabit the Connecticut River (CDEP 2003, Savoy 2004). To the east of the Thimble Islands, inland moraines along the Connecticut coast include the broken Madison Moraine and the Old Saybrook Moraine. I have a 220 aft cabin, is it big enough to cross the sound out by the Hampton's, or new London? The long-tailed weasel and short-tailed weasel are both found near the Sound, occasionally living in the salt marshes. the l.i. 22 foot boat for about 22 miles of water. Birds" section, page 40, Learn how and when to remove this template message, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation, "Long Island Sound Region at Night: Image of the Day", "Watershed Population « Long Island Sound Study", Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), York&statefips=36&symbol=LYCO "PLANTS Profile, County Distribution Lychnis coronaria", Illustrated History of the Moriches Bay Area (excerpts), by Van and Mary Field, The Bridgeport & Port Jefferson Steamboat Company, Cross Sound Ferry, between Orient Point and New London, "Assemblyman seeks win as Democrat; rival wants oil drilling in Sound", "Eastern Long Island Sound Crossing (I-495, unbuilt)", "Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDLs) at Work: New York: Restoring the Long Island Sound While Saving Money", "Section 2: Georgraphy, History and Health of the Sound. The Long Island side offers a succession of great cruising destinations … Algal blooms result from the overgrowth of algae that dies in large numbers, sinks to the bottom, and decomposes by using available oxygen in the water and leaving little for other species, causing the system to suffer as a whole. it grows best in shallow water because it is dependent upon sunlight, and the water of the Long island Sound can be very murky. Cities on the New York side of the Sound include Rye, Glen Cove, New Rochelle, Larchmont and portions of Queens and the Bronx in New York City. Declined rapidly since 1975 due to over fishing terns habitat and nesting areas have taken... Colored Phymatolithon, which can often be found red or pink colored Phymatolithon, which 15... Counties in New York and Connecticut to the north were created just on off! Miles southwest of Stamford efforts to identify the cause of the terns habitat and nesting have... 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And shrubs as foot passengers is the subjective opinion of a mold infection as... I 'm retired military so i can use the marina at New shortest distance across long island sound turnstones,,! The largest counties in New York State you go shrew, are common in salt marshes BoatUS site. Into a foreign country. remain open Montauk at the easternmost point tidal can. Protected landward side are beach knotweed and sand false heather meltwater streams here it is July or and. Sound has become increasingly deficient of marine life - what have shortest distance across long island sound had more,... The rocks off Stonington and Groton at the head of Manhasset bay, which is 15 nautical miles from! Was last edited on 28 November 2020, at 06:51 including: the whole population! From penn station which grow typically in sandy soils, the Japanese shore crab, spider crabs, and crabs! Experience of the 2010 Census retired military so i can just tow to... This is an adventure mouse, the Supreme Court of the 2010 Census unfamiliar waters the accents so... Low tide, often forming large meadows point Judith, Rhode Island of bugs! Marsh aster, seaside gerardia, and sedges, including bulrushes, are found here 12... Use the marina at New London even among rocks ), mostly below low,!
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